Appendix E1. Habitat relationships of focal species in shrub-steppe habitats of the Columbia Plateau Landbird Conservation Planning Region.

Conservation Focus	Focal Species	Key Habitat Relationships
Conservation Focus	Focal Species	Vegetative Composition ^a	Vegetation Structure ^b	Landscape/ Patch Size	Special Considerations
native bunchgrass cover	grasshopper sparrow	native bunchgrasses	bunchgrass cover >15% and >60% total grass cover; bunchgrass >25 cm tall; shrub cover <10%;	>40 ha (100 ac)	larger tracts better; exotic grass detrimental; vulnerable in agricultural habitats from mowing, spraying, etc.
interspersion tall shrubs and openings	loggerhead shrike	sagebrush, bitterbrush	patches shrubs >1 m tall; <15% tall shrub cover; shrub height >1 m; herb cover <20%; open ground >30%		prey base may be affected by pesticides; need low ground cover; invasion of exotic grasses detrimental
burrows	burrowing owl		open ground cover >40%; native grass cover <40% and <40 cm tall		dependent upon burrow providers (e.g., ground squirrels, badgers); sensitive to nest disturbances; 200 m buffer zone around nest burrow
deciduous trees and shrubs	sharp-tailed grouse		canopy cover 15-35% >15 cm above ground; forb cover >10%; non-native herbaceous cover <5%
large areas; diverse herbaceous understory	sage grouse	big sagebrush	sagebrush cover 10-30%; forb cover >10%; bunchgrass cover >10%; open ground cover >10%; non-native herb cover <10%		area-sensitive
large, contiguous patches sagebrush	sage sparrow	big sagebrush	sagebrush cover 10-25%; sagebrush height >50 cm; herb cover >10%; open ground >10%	>1,000 ha (2,500 ac)	area-sensitive, needs large blocks; patchy sage preferred over contiguous dense sage; vulnerable to cowbirds
sagebrush cover	Brewer's sparrow	big sagebrush	sagebrush cover 10-30%; sagebrush height >60cm; herb cover >10%; open ground >20%; non-native herb cover <10%		not area-sensitive, but sensitive to sage cover; vulnerable to cowbirds
sagebrush height	sage thrasher	big sagebrush	sagebrush cover 5-20%; sagebrush height >80 cm; herb cover 5-20%; other shrub cover <10%; non-native herb cover <10%	>16 ha (40 ac)	not area-sensitive ; not impacted by cowbirds; high moisture sites with tall shrubs
ecotonal edges herbaceous, shrub, tree habitats	lark sparrow	bitterbrush, sagebrush	edge habitat with mosaic of growth forms where none exceeds 50% cover; open ground cover >20%		dry upland sites with minimal exotic weed cover; vulnerable to cowbird parasitism
sparsely vegetated desert scrub	black-throated sparrow	shadscale, spiny hopsage, budsage	shrub cover <20%; herbaceous cover <25%; open ground >40%; non-native herb cover <15%		dry upland sites with minimal exotic weed cover
scattered, mature juniper trees	ferruginous hawk	juniper	isolated, mature juniper trees >1/1.6 km; herbaceous-low shrub cover 15-60 cm tall		dependent upon prey (e.g., ground squirrels, jackrabbits); sensitive to human disturbance; 1 km buffer zone around nests

^a Preferred species.

^b Vegetative structure is a condensed version of the habitat objectives for each species. Refer to the text for more detailed description of habitat objectives.

Appendix E2. Habitat relationships of focal species in riparian habitats of the Columbia Plateau Landbird Conservation Planning Region.

Conservation Focus	Focal Species	Key Habitat Relationships
Conservation Focus	Focal Species	Vegetative Composition ^a	Vegetation Structure ^b	Landscape/ Patch Size	Special Considerations
large snags	Lewis' woodpecker	cottonwood	>2 snags/ha >16 in dbh; >2 trees/ha >21 dbh; canopy cover 10-40%; shrub cover 30-80%		dependent on insect food supply; competition from starlings detrimental
large canopy trees	Bullock's oriole	cottonwood	canopy tree height >35 ft; canopy closure 30-60%; recruitment trees >10% cover		not area-sensitive; not landscape-sensitive; positive response to edge
subcanopy foliage	yellow warbler	willow, cottonwood,	>70% cover in shrub and subcanopy with subcanopy >40% of that; >70% cover native species		highly vulnerable to cowbird parasitism; grazing reduces understory structure
dense shrub layer	yellow-breasted chat	willow, snowberry, wild rose	shrub layer 1-4 m tall; 30-80% shrub cover; scattered herbaceous openings; tree cover <20%		vulnerable to cowbird parasitism; grazing reduces understory structure
large, structurally diverse patches	yellow-billed cuckoo	cottonwood, willow	3 or more layers with >20% cover in each layer; canopy closure >50%; patches wider than 100 m and >40 ha	>40 ha	close to extirpated; area-sensitive; susceptible to human disturbance
shrub density	willow flycatcher	willow	shrub patches >10 m sq; shrub cover 40-80%; shrub height >1 m; tree cover <30%	>8 ha	highly vulnerable to cowbird parasitism; grazing reduces understory structure
shrub-herbaceous interspersion	lazuli bunting	willow, snowberry, red-osier dogwood	interspersion shrub and herbaceous where neither >70%		highly vulnerable to cowbird parasitism

^a Preferred species.

^b Vegetative structure is a condensed version of the habitat objectives for each species. Refer to the text for more detailed description of habitat objectives.

Table ?. Habitat relationships of focal species in unique habitats of the Columbia Plateau Landbird Conservation Planning Region.

Conservation Focus	Focal Species	Key Habitat Relationships
Conservation Focus	Focal Species	Vegetative Composition^a	Vegetation Structure	Landscape/ Patch Size	Special Considerations
aspen	red-naped sapsucker
mesic agriculture fields	bobolink	wet meadows, hayfields, alfalfa, clover, false lupine, potentilla	mix of broad-leaf forbs		few populations; colonization problematic; vulnerable due to dependence on ag lands; mostly on private land
mature juniper woodland	gray flycatcher	juniper			historical range of juniper woodland; need mature trees and regeneration
	prairie falcon
large diameter Mt. Mahogany	Virginia's warbler	Mt. Mahogany

^a Preferred species

vegetative structure is a condensed version of the habitat objectives for each species. Refer to the text for more detailed description of habitat objectives.